Solexa technology (sequencing-by-synthesis)
Sample preparation.
Fragments of DNA are ligated to end adapters, denatured and bound at one end to a solid surface already coated with a dense layer of the adapters. Each single stranded fragment is immobilized at one end, while its free end ‘bends over’ and hybridizes to a complementary adapter on the surface, which initiates the synthesis of the complementary strand in the presence of amplification reagents. Multiple cycles of this solid-phase amplification followed by denaturation create clusters of ~1,000 copies of single-stranded DNA molecules distributed randomly on the surface.
Sequencing with reversible terminators.
Synthesis reagents, added to the flow cell, consist of primers, DNA polymerase and four differently labeled, reversible terminator nucleotides. After incorporation of a nucleotide, which is identified by its color, the 3′ terminator on the base and the fluorophore are removed, and the cycle is repeated for a read length of 30–35 nucleotides.