Specification
of the relative rates of substitution among particular residues usually
takes the form of a square matrix; the number of rows/columns is four in
the case of bases, 20 in the case of amino acids (e.g., in PAM and BLOSUM matrices),
and 61 in the case of codons (excluding stop codons).
A R
N D C
Q E G
H I L
K M F
P S T
W Y V
A 2
R -2 6
N 0
0 2
D 0 -1 2
4
C
-2 -4
4
-5 4
Q 0
1 1 2 -5 4
E 0 -1 1
3 -5 2 4
G 1 -3 0
1 -3 -1 0 5
H -1 2
2 1 -3 3
1 -2 6
I -1 -2 -2
-2 -2 -2 -2 -3 -2 5
L -2 -3 -3
-4 -6 -2 -3 -4 -2 2 6
K -1 3
1 0 -5 1
0 -2 0 -2 -3 5
M -1 0 -2 -3 -5 -1 -2 -3 -2 2
4 0 6
F -4 -4 -4
-6 -4 -5 -5 -5 -2 1 2 -5 0
9
P 1
0 -1 -1 -3 0 -1 -1 0 -2 -3 -1 -2 -5 6
S 1
0 1 0
0 -1 0 1 -1 -1 -3 0 -2 -3 1
3
T 1 -1 0
0 -2 -1 0 0 -1 0 -2 0 -1 -2 0
1 3
W -6 2 -4 -7 -8 -5 -7 -7 -3 -5 -2 -3 -4 0 -6 -2 -5 17
Y -3 -4 -2
-4 0 -4 -4 -5 0 -1 -1 -4 -2 7 -5 -3 -3 0 10
V 0 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -2 -1 -2 4
2 -2 2 -1 -1 -1 0 -6 -2 4