MAP

Table of Contents
FUNCTION
DESCRIPTION
OUTPUT
INPUT FILES
RELATED PROGRAMS
CONSIDERATIONS
SUBSET, OVERLAP, AND PERFECT SEARCHES
DISPLAY CONVENTIONS
SELECTING ENZYMES
CHOOSING THE TRANSLATION FRAMES
OPEN READING FRAMES
TABLE OUTPUT
POTENTIAL RESTRICTION SITES
SEARCH FOR ANY SEQUENCE PATTERN
DEFINING PATTERNS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
PARAMETER REFERENCE

FUNCTION

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Map maps a DNA sequence and displays both strands of the mapped sequence with restriction enzyme cut points above the sequence and protein translations below. Map can also create a peptide map of an amino acid sequence.

DESCRIPTION

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Map displays a sequence that is being assembled or analyzed intensively. Map asks you to select the enzymes whose restriction sites should be marked individually by typing their names. If you do not answer this question, Map selects a representative isoschizomer from all of the commercially available enzymes. You can choose to have your sequence translated in any or all of the six possible translation frames. You can also choose to have only the open reading frames translated.

After running Map, you may create a new sequence file with the protein sequence from any frame of DNA translation by using the ExtractPeptide program with the Map output file.

OUTPUT

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Here is part of the output file:


 (Linear) MAP of: gamma.seq  check: 6474  from: 2161  to: 2600

Human fetal beta globins G and A gamma
from Shen, Slightom and Smithies,  Cell 26; 191-203.
Analyzed by Smithies et al. Cell 26; 345-353.

 With 216 enzymes: *

                             September 24, 1998 16:19  ..

                           HgaI
                           SimI
                        NlaIII|
                     BsaJI   ||
                      DsaI   ||
                      NcoI   ||
                      StyI   ||
                  BsaHI  |   ||                         RleAI
              BspGI   |  |   ||    MnlI              BseRI  |
          BfaI    |   |  |   || MnlI  |           CviJI  |  |  CviJI
             |    |   |  |   ||    |  |               |  |  |      |
         GCTCCTAGTCCAGACGCCATGGGTCATTTCACAGAGGAGGACAAGGCTACTATCACAAGC
    2161 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 2220
         CGAGGATCAGGTCTGCGGTACCCAGTAAAGTGTCTCCTCCTGTTCCGATGATAGTGTTCG

a        A  P  S  P  D  A  M  G  H  F  T  E  E  D  K  A  T  I  T  S   -
b         L  L  V  Q  T  P  W  V  I  S  Q  R  R  T  R  L  L  S  Q  A  -
c          S  *  S  R  R  H  G  S  F  H  R  G  G  Q  G  Y  Y  H  K  P -
    2161 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 2220
d            G  L  G  S  A  M  P  *  K  V  S  S  S  L  A  V  I  V  L  -
e           E  *  D  L  R  W  P  D  N  *  L  P  P  C  P  *  *  *  L   -
f          S  R  T  W  V  G  H  T  M  E  C  L  L  V  L  S  S  D  C  A -

///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

 Enzymes that do cut:

     AccI     AluI    AvaII     BanI     BbvI     BccI   Bce83I     BfaI
     BglI     BmgI     BpmI    BsaHI    BsaJI    BseRI     BsgI     BslI
 Bsp1286I    BspGI   BstEII    CjePI    CviJI    CviRI     DdeI     DpnI
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

 Enzymes that do not cut:

    AatII   AceIII     AciI    AflII   AflIII     AhdI     AlwI   Alw26I
    AlwNI     ApaI    ApaBI    ApaLI     ApoI     AscI     AvaI    AvrII
     BaeI    BamHI    BanII     BbsI    BcefI     BcgI    BciVI     BclI
 ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////

INPUT FILES

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Map accepts a single nucleotide or protein sequence as input. The function of Map depends on whether your input sequence(s) are protein or nucleotide. Programs determine the type of a sequence by the presence of either Type: N or Type: P on the last line of the text heading just above the sequence. If your sequence(s) are not the correct type, turn to Appendix VI for information on how to change or set the type of a sequence.

RELATED PROGRAMS

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MapSort, PlasmidMap, and MapPlot display restriction maps in other formats. ExtractPeptide extracts the protein sequence from any translation frame in the Map output file and puts it into a new sequence file. FindPatterns searches for short patterns like enzyme recognition sites in one or more sequences. PeptideMap creates a peptide map of an amino acid sequence. You can use either Map or PeptideMap with protein sequence input and obtain identical results.

CONSIDERATIONS

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Map does not treat your sequence as circular unless you use Treat input sequence as circular.

The enzymes you name must be in the enzyme data file or you get an error message. You can have your system manager change the public enzyme data file to contain the enzymes most useful to your group, or you can maintain a private copy for your own use.

SUBSET, OVERLAP, AND PERFECT SEARCHES

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This program normally requires that a sequence pattern be a subset of the enzyme recognition site. If the recognition pattern in the enzyme data file were GCRGC, then the pattern GCAGC in your sequence would be found, since A is within the set of bases defined by R (see Appendix III). If the pattern in the enzyme data file were GCAGC, then a GCRGC in your sequence would not be recognized. If your sequence is very ambiguous, as it might be if it were a backtranslated sequence, then it may be better to use -ALL to do an overlap search. The overlap search would consider an R in your sequence to match an A in the recognition site.

With -PERFect, the program looks for a perfect symbol match between your sequence and the recognition pattern -- GCRGC in the recognition pattern would only match a GCRGC in the sequence.

All searches are case insensitive (upper- or lowercase) for the letters in either the sequence or the enzyme recognition site.

DISPLAY CONVENTIONS

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Cut Position

As in almost all sequence displays the 5'->3' direction of the top strand is from left to right. Map aligns each enzyme's name so that the name ends over the 3' end of the fragment that continues to the left. If you use Display both forward and reverse strand cut positions, Map aligns the name to end over the 5'-most nucleotide of the reverse strand fragment that continues to the left.

Collisions

If more than one enzyme cuts at the same position, Map sorts the set of enzymes that cut at the position alphabetically and stacks them up so that each enzyme name ends over the same position. If enzymes that cut to the left are in the way of the display, Map puts the names further up and uses a line of '|' characters to connect the name to the cut position.

Potential Sites

When you search for potential restriction sites with either Number of allowed mismatches or Find translationally silent potential restriction sites, Map differentiates the real sites from the potential sites by capitalizing the enzyme's name at the real sites.

SELECTING ENZYMES

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The program presents you with an enzyme selection prompt that lets you enter enzymes individually or collectively. We maintain our enzyme files with a semicolon (;) character in front of all but one member of a family of isoschizomers. (Isoschizomers are restriction endonucleases with the same recognition site.) The isoschizomers beginning with a semicolon are normally not displayed by our mapping programs unless you specifically select them by name or type "**" instead of "*" at the enzyme prompt.

There is more information on enzyme files in Appendix VII.

CHOOSING THE TRANSLATION FRAMES

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The translation menu allows several responses. You can name the frames of interest individually with a response like abcf. You can use t or s to mean the three forward or all six possible translation frames. You can make all of the characters in your response uppercase to get three-letter instead of one-letter amino acid symbols in the translation. You can add o to your response to get translation only between potential start codons and stop codons (o by itself gives open reading frame translation of all six translation frames).

OPEN READING FRAMES

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You can select translation for open reading frames only. All of the frames are treated as open at the 5' end of each strand; these pseudo-open reading frames run to the first stop codon in that frame (see the discussion of translation tables in Appendix VII). Thereafter, reading is turned on at each potential start codon and runs to the next stop codon. You can suppress the display of short open reading frames with Minimum open reading frame size set to 20, for example, which would restrict the display to frames coding for at least 20 amino acids.

Open reading frames are determined from the beginning and ending of the sequence in the file--not from just the range you have chosen. The potential start codons and stop codons are defined in the data file translate.txt.

TABLE OUTPUT

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If you want to analyze the restriction sites in another program you can display all the cut positions in a table. Use Write a table of cut sites (instead of restriction map) to get output like this:


 (Linear) MAP of: gamma.seq  check: 6474  from: 2161  to: 2600

Human fetal beta globins G and A gamma
from Shen, Slightom and Smithies,  Cell 26; 191-203.
Analyzed by Smithies et al. Cell 26; 345-353.

 With 216 enzymes: *

Enzyme        +      -    September 25, 1996 12:24 ..

BfaI       2165   2167
BspGI      2170   2170
BsaHI      2174   2176

//////////////////////

Normally, the table is sorted by position first and then alphabetically by enzyme name. You can sort the table by enzyme name first and then by position with Order table of cut sites by.

If you display the cut positions in a table using Write a table of cut sites (instead of restriction map), the program does not create the standard output file displaying the sequence and the restriction sites along that sequence.

POTENTIAL RESTRICTION SITES

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To assist scientists doing site-directed mutagenesis, this program searches for places in your sequence where a restriction enzyme recognition site occurs with one or more mismatches. Use Number of allowed mismatches set to 1 to identify positions where recognition could occur with one or fewer mismatches.

Use Find translationally silent potential restriction sites to find the places in your sequence where a restriction site could be introduced without changing the translation. Read more about using Find translationally silent potential restriction sites under the PARAMETER REFERENCE topic below.

SEARCH FOR ANY SEQUENCE PATTERN

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By changing the enzyme data file (see the LOCAL DATA FILES topic below), you can make this program search for any pattern. See Appendix VII for notes on enzyme data files.

DEFINING PATTERNS

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FindPatterns, Map, MapSort, MapPlot, and Motifs all let you search with ambiguous expressions that match many different sequences. The expressions can include any legal GCG sequence character (see Appendix III). The expressions can also include several non-sequence characters, which are used to specify OR matching, NOT matching, begin and end constraints, and repeat counts. For instance, the expression TAATA(N){20,30}ATG means TAATA, followed by 20 to 30 of any base, followed by ATG. Following is an explanation of the syntax for pattern specification.

Implied Sets and Repeat Counts

Parentheses () enclose one or more symbols that can be repeated some number of times. Braces {} enclose numbers that tell how many times the symbols within the preceding parentheses must be found.

Sometimes, you can leave out part of an expression. If braces appear without preceding parentheses, the numbers in the braces define the number of repeats for the immediately preceding symbol. One or both of the numbers within the braces may be missing. For instance, both the pattern GATG{2,}A and the pattern GATG{2}A mean GAT, followed by G repeated from 2 to 350,000 times, followed by A; the pattern GATG{}A means GAT, followed by G repeated from 0 to 350,000 times, followed by A; the pattern GAT(TG){,2}A means GAT, followed by TG repeated from 0 to 2 times, followed by A; the pattern GAT(TG){2,2}A means GAT, followed by TG repeated exactly 2 times, followed by A. (If the pattern in the parentheses is an OR expression (see below), it cannot be repeated more than 2,000 times.)

OR Matching

If you are searching nucleic acids, the ambiguity symbols defined in Appendix III let you define any combination of G, A, T, or C. If you are searching proteins, you can specify any of several symbol choices by enclosing the different choices in parentheses and separating the choices with commas. For instance, RGF(Q,A)S means RGF followed by either Q or A followed by S. The length of each choice need not be the same, and there can be up to 31 different choices within each set of parentheses. The pattern GAT(TG,T,G){1,4}A means GAT followed by any combination of TG, T, or G from 1 to 4 times followed by A. The sequence GATTGGA matches this pattern. There can be several parentheses in a pattern, but parentheses cannot be nested.

NOT Matching

The pattern GC~CAT means GC, followed by any symbol except C, followed by AT. The pattern GC~(A,T)CC means GC, followed by any symbol except A or T, followed by CC.

Begin and End Constraints

The pattern <GACCAT can only be found if it occurs at the beginning of the sequence range being searched. Likewise, the pattern GACCAT> would only be found if it occurs at the end of the sequence range.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

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We are grateful to Frank Manion for suggestions and for code used in the revision of Map for version 9.0. The vertical enzyme output format of Map was designed by John Schroeder and Frederick Blattner (NAR 10; 69-84 (1982), Figure 1). Map was written for the first release of the Wisconsin Package(TM) by Paul Haeberli and John Devereux.

PARAMETER REFERENCE

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You can set the parameters listed below from the command line. For more information, see "Using Program Parameters" in Chapter 3, Using Programs in the User's Guide.

Display Protein Translation Frames
    Do Not Display Any Protein Translations
    Display Open Translation Frames
    Display the Three Forward Translation Frames
    Display All Six Translations Frames

specifies which nucleotide reading frames are translated into protein sequences in the output file.

Enzyme

specifies a set of enzymes to use in the analysis.

Translation Table

Usually, the Standard translation table is the basis for all translations. You can choose translation tables for various non-standard genomes such as yeast mitochondrial.

Minimum open reading frame size

restricts the display of translations to open reading frames (ORFs). If you supply a number like 20 with this parameter, the ORF would only be displayed if it coded for at least 20 amino acids.

Treat input sequence as circular

tells Map to treat your sequence as circular. If a possible recognition site starts at the end and continues into the beginning of the sequence, the site is marked at the point where a circular molecule would be cut. For instance if your sequence ends in GAA and starts with TTC, Map shows an EcoRI cut two bases before the end of the sequence.

Bases per line

allows you to choose the number of bases shown on each line of output. The standard is 60, which can be shown on a terminal screen nicely, but 100 sequence symbols per line is very convenient for estimating the size of fragments between cuts.

Use three letter amino acid symbols to display translations

sets the translation to show three-letter amino acid codes instead of the one-letter codes.

Number of allowed mismatches

causes the program to recognize sites that are like the recognition site but with one or fewer mismatches. If too many mismatches are allowed, the results may not be meaningful. The output from most mapping programs distinguishes between sites with no mismatches and sites with mismatches.

Find translationally silent potential restriction sites

shows the places where restriction sites can be introduced (by site-directed mutagenesis) without changing the peptide translation of the sequence. The Find translationally silent potential restriction sites parameter assumes that the range you have chosen defines a coding region and reading frame precisely. Sites may be found that have any number of bases changed as long as the changes do not alter the translation. The reading frame is implied by the beginning coordinate you specify. The output from most mapping programs distinguishes between real sites and sites with one or more mismatches. The data file translate.txt defines the genetic code.

Minimum number of bases in recognition site

selects only patterns with the specified number or more bases in the recognition site. You can display the sites from any pattern in the enzyme or pattern file that you take the trouble to name individually, but when you use all of the patterns, the program uses all of the patterns whose recognition sites have the specified number or more non-N, non-X bases.

Select restriction enzymes that leave a

    5' overhang
    3' overhang
    blunt end

selects only enzymes that leave blunt ends. Use a 5 with this parameter to search only with enzymes that leave 5' overhangs and a 3 to search only with enzymes that leave a 3' overhang. You can use multiple values, separated by commas. For instance, Select restriction enzymes that leave a set to 5,3 searches with all enzymes that leave either 5' or 3' overhangs. You can display the cuts from any enzyme in the enzyme data file that you take the trouble to name individually, but when you use * (meaning all), the program uses all of the enzymes whose overhangs conform to your choice with this parameter.

The Minimum number of cuts, Maximum number of cuts, Show enzymes that cut only once, and Suppress enzymes that cut within the region base1,base2 parameters suppress the display of selected enzymes. The list of excluded enzymes in the program output includes both selected enzymes that cut within excluded ranges and selected enzymes that did not cut the right number of times.

Minimum number of cuts

excludes enzymes that do not cut at least the specified number of times.

Maximum number of cuts

excludes enzymes that cut more than the specified number of times.

Show enzymes that cut only once

excludes, from the set of enzymes displayed, those enzymes that cut your sequence more than once (equivalent to setting both mincuts and maxcuts to one).

Suppress enzymes that cut within the region base1,base2

excludes enzymes that cut anywhere within one or more ranges of the sequence. If an enzyme is found within an excluded range, then the enzyme is not displayed. The list of excluded enzymes includes enzymes that cut within excluded ranges. The ranges are defined with sets of two numbers. The numbers are separated by commas. Spaces between numbers are not allowed. The numbers must be integers that fall within the sequence beginning and ending points you have chosen. The range may be circular if circular mapping is being done. Exclusion is not done if there are any non-numeric characters in the numbers or numbers out of range or if there is an odd number of integers following the parameter.

Display both forward and reverse strand cut positions

shows where each enzyme cuts the reverse strand as well as the forward strand. The cut point on the bottom strand is the 5' end of the fragment which continues to the left.


                           HgaI
                           SimI
                        NlaIII|
                     BsaJI   ||
                      DsaI   ||
                      NcoI   ||
                      StyI   ||
                  BsaHI  |   ||                         RleAI
              BspGI   |  |   ||    MnlI              BseRI  |
          BfaI    |   |  |   || MnlI  |           CviJI  |  |  CviJI
             |    |   |  |   ||    |  |               |  |  |      |
         GCTCCTAGTCCAGACGCCATGGGTCATTTCACAGAGGAGGACAAGGCTACTATCACAAGC
    2161 ---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+---------+ 2220
         CGAGGATCAGGTCTGCGGTACCCAGTAAAGTGTCTCCTCCTGTTCCGATGATAGTGTTCG
               |  |     ||   |   ||| |                || |         |
            BfaI  | BsaHI|StyI   ||| |            CviJI| |     CviJI
              BspGI NlaIII   |SimI|| |             BseRI |
                          NcoI MnlI| |               RleAI
                          DsaI  HgaI |
                         BsaJI    MnlI

Display the complement strand in the output

suppresses complement sequence display.

Write a table of cut sites (instead of restriction map)

If you simply want a table of which enzymes cut where use this parameter. See the topic TABLE OUTPUT.

Order table of cut sites by

    cut position
    enzyme name (alphabetically)

Table output is normally sorted by the position of the cut in the top strand of the sequence. Use this parameter to see the cuts sorted first by enzyme and then by position. See the topic TABLE OUTPUT.

Printed: August 31, 2000 13:36 (1162)